Therefore, novel effective drugs are urgently needed in order to improve the outcome of patients with advanced gallbladder cancer. As a result, gallbladder carcinoma is associated with a very poor prognosis, and the overall survival rate for this malignancy ranges from 5.2 to 24.4 months. For unresectable and recurrence patients, chemotherapy or radiotherapy will be the only treatment, but unfortunately, it does not have satisfactory results.
Curative resection remains the only effective treatment for gallbladder cancer, however, the majority of the patients will have frequent recurrences after surgery. Due to the absence of specific symptoms and signs, most patients are detected at an advanced stage. Gallbladder cancer, the most common malignancy of the bile duct, is an extremely aggressive, lethal neoplasm. These data demonstrated that Sch B induced apoptosis in gallbladder cancer cells by regulating apoptosis-related protein expression, and suggests that Sch B may be a promising drug for the treatment of gallbladder cancer. Moreover, this drug also inhibited the tumor growth in nude mice carrying subcutaneous NOZ tumor xenografts. Western blot analysis of Sch B-treated cells revealed the upregulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP and downregulation of Bcl-2, NF-κB, cyclin D1 and CDK-4. Flow cytometry assays also revealed G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in GBC-SD and NOZ cells. We showed that Sch B inhibited the viability and proliferation of human gallbladder cancer cells in a dose-, time -dependent manner through MTT and colony formation assays, and decrease mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) at a dose-dependent manner through flow cytometry. The main objective of the paper was to investigate the effects of schisandrin B (Sch B) on gallbladder cancer cells and identify the mechanisms underlying its potential anticancer effects. Gallbladder cancer, with high aggressivity and extremely poor prognosis, is the most common malignancy of the bile duct.
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